Submission Guidelines

Lumen Publishing Group warmly welcomes submissions from authors worldwide to all of our academic journals. To ensure the originality and rigor of scholarly research and promote sound academic practices, authors are kindly requested to observe the following guidelines when submitting manuscripts:

　　I. Please visit “Lumen Publishing Group” (http://www.lumenpublishing.org), click “Journals” to select your target journal, then click ‘About’ to access the “Manuscript Submission” section for submission.

　　1. Submission Method: First register an account, then log in and follow the prompts to complete the submission step by step.

　　2. Registration information must be accurate and valid. Please fill in all required details as requested for contact purposes.

　　3. Include the following basic author information after the manuscript body: full name, academic degree, professional title, affiliation, contact phone number, email address, mailing address, and postal code.

4. Select the appropriate journal for submission based on the requirements of LPG's academic journals.

5. All LPG journals publish quarterly. For specific publication schedules, please consult the respective journal editor.

6. All LPG journals use Times New Roman font: Main title: Size 18 bold/italic Author name: Size 10.5 bold Affiliation, city, postal code, country, email: Size 10.5 Abstract and keywords (bold): Size 12 Main text: Size 12 Subheadings: Size 12 bold References: Size 12 Manuscript length: 5,000–20,000 words. Plagiarism rate must be below 15%. Citation format follows Harvard referencing style. Leave a blank line between paragraphs, and do not indent the first line.

　　II. Submitted manuscripts must be the author's original independent or collaborative research work, fully respecting others' intellectual property rights, and free of any illegal, disciplinary violations, or breaches of academic ethics. All citations, annotations, and other materials within the text must be cross-checked against original sources to ensure accuracy. When using foreign-language materials, authors are responsible for submitting paper copies or electronic files (e.g., PDF) of relevant content and copyright pages to the editorial office for verification. Please state at the end of the text whether AI tools were used.

　　III. Manuscripts submitted to LPG journals must not be simultaneously submitted elsewhere, including submissions with minor modifications to other journals. The main arguments or core content of the manuscript must not have been previously published in any other public or internal publications (including journals, newspapers, monographs, conference proceedings, academic websites, etc.) prior to submission to LPG journals.

　　IV. LPG journals operate on an open-access model and charge page charges and article processing fees. All LPG journals implement a double-blind peer review system. Do not include any author personal information in the manuscript body, and avoid language that may reveal the author's identity.

　　V. LPG reserves the right to make textual and technical modifications to submitted manuscripts. The review cycle typically lasts three months. Authors who have not received notification of acceptance within this period may freely dispose of their manuscripts.

　　VI. LPG complies with relevant U.S. laws regarding published manuscripts. Authors wishing to include articles published in LPG journals in other public publications must obtain prior written consent from LPG and adhere to applicable regulations. Authors with special requirements may consult with the publisher.

Harvard Referencing Guide

The Harvard System uses two elements: in-text citations throughout your assignment and a list of references at the end.
About this Harvard Referencing Guide

Unlike other citation styles, there is no single authority on the Harvard style of referencing. Because of this, there are several variations of Harvard.

Methods for citing electronic and online sources are changing rapidly and do not always keep pace with the development of new technologies. As the Style manual offers only a few examples, we have adapted and modified the existing information. Where no Harvard style options were available, citations are based on APA style.

How to use Harvard referencing

The Harvard System requires two elements: in-text citations throughout your assignment and a list of references at the end.

1. In-text citations

Include three pieces of information about a source within the text of your work:

the name of the author or authors
the year of publication
the page number (when the information/idea can be located on a particular page or when directly quoted).
2. References

At the end of your text, you must include a list of references, that is, a list of all the sources of information you have used to research your assignment.

Each list item requires specific information. See how to cite difference sources with Harvard references below.

List each item in alphabetical order, by author surname.
Titles should be in italics.
Each item should have a hanging indent.
How to cite different sources

Click on the headings below to see examples of how to cite different kinds of sources using the Harvard Referencing method.

Published and unpublished material
Books
In-text citations

A page number is required if you are paraphrasing, summarising or quoting directly:

(Karskens 1997, p. 23)

Ward (1966, p. 12) suggests that

If you are only citing the main idea of the book:

(Karskens 1997)

List of references

Include information in the following order:

author's surname, and initial(s)
year of publication
title of publication (in italics and with minimal capitalisation),
edition (if applicable. Abbreviated as 'edn')
publisher
place of publication.

Examples

Karskens, G 1997, The Rocks: life in early Sydney, Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Ward, R 1966, The Australian legend, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

E-books
In-text citations

Cite as for a printed book. An e-book usually has page numbers:

Lloyd (2005, p. 262) or

(Lloyd 2005, p. 262).

Accessed via an ebook reader:

Include author/date:

(Smith 2008) or:

Smith (2008) states that ...

E-books often lack page numbers (though PDF versions may have them). If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead to indicate the location of a quoted section.

List of references

Accessed online:

Include information in the following order:

author/editor name(s)
date of publication,
title of e-book (in italics),
publisher,
format (e-book),
accessed day month year (the date of viewing),
URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets).

Example

Lloyd, CB (ed.) 2005, Growing up global: The changing transitions for adulthood in developing countries, e-book, accessed 5 May 2007, <http://www.nap.edu/books/11174/html/index.html>.

Accessed via a database:

Woodham, JM 2004, A dictionary of modern design, Oxford University Press, e-book, accessed 25 July 2007 from Oxford Reference Online Database.

Accessed via an ebook reader:

Include information in the following order:

author name and initial
year (date of e-book edition)
title (in italics)
the type of e-book version you accessed (two examples are the Kindle Edition version and the Adobe Digital Editions version).
accessed day month year (the date you first accessed the e-book)
the book's DOI (digital object identifier) or where you downloaded the e-book from (if there is no DOI).

Examples

Smith, A 2008, The Wealth of Nations, Kindle version, accessed 20 August 2010 from Amazon.com.

Smith, A 2008, The Wealth of Nations, Adobe Digital Editions version, accessed 20 August 2010, doi: 10.1036/007142363X.

Edited book collections
In-text citations

A book collection consists of a collection of articles or chapters, each by different authors, but compiled by editor(s). If you want to cite a particular article/chapter, cite the author(s) of the chapter in the text:

(Curthoys 1997, p. 25)

Citing an entire book collection

If you want to cite the entire book, refer to the editor(s) of the collection in the text:

(Hudson & Bolton 1997)

List of references

When you use an article/chapter from a book collection, the title of the article appears in quotations and the title of the book is italicised.

Include information in the following order:

author's surname and initial
year of publication
name of article (between single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation)
in
initial(s) and surname(s) of editor(s)
(ed.) or (eds)
name of collection (the name on the title page) in italics and minimal capitalisation
publisher
place of publication
page range.

Examples

Curthoys, A 1997, 'History and identity', in W Hudson & G Bolton (eds), Creating Australia: changing Australian history, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, pp. 23-38.

Citing an entire book collection

Hudson, W & Bolton, G (eds) 1997, Creating Australia: changing Australian history, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

Journal articles (print)
In-text citations

If the page number is required, as it is for summarising, paraphrasing and direct quoting:

(Kozulin 1993, p. 257)

If you are citing the main idea of the article only:

(Kozulin 1993)

List of references

Include information in the following order:

author's surname and initial
year of publication
title of the article (between single quotation marks and with minimal capitalisation)
title of the journal or periodical (in italic font using maximum capitalisation)
volume number (vol.)
issue number (no.)
page range of the article
DOI (Digital Object Identifier), if available.

Examples

Kozulin, A 1993, 'Literature as a psychological tool', Educational Psychologist, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 253-265, DOI:10.1207/s15326985ep2803_5.

What is a DOI?

A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number that helps link content to its location on the Internet. It is therefore important, if one is provided, to use it when creating a citation.

Media articles (print)
In-text citations

If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number:

(The Independent 2013, p. 36)

If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article:

(Donaghy 1994, p. 3)

Articles can also be mentioned in the running text:

University rankings were examined in a Sydney Morning Herald report by Williamson (1998, p. 21), where it was evident that ...

List of references

Include information in the following order:

author
year of publication
article title (between single quotation marks)
publication title (in italics with maximum capitalisation)
date of article (day, month)
page number

Examples

Williamson, S 1998, ‘UNSW gains top ranking from quality team’, Sydney Morning Herald, 30 February, p.21.

Donaghy, B 1994, ‘National meeting set to review tertiary admissions’, Campus News, 3-9 March, p. 3.

An unattributed newspaper article:

If there is no named author, list the article title first:

Article title, between single quotation marks,
Publication title (in italics with maximum capitalisation)
Date published (date, month, year)
Page number (if available)

Example

‘Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo’, The Independent, 9 August 2013, p. 36

Government publications
In-text citations

If there is no obvious author or editor, cite the sponsoring agency as the author:

(Department of Education, Science & Training 2000)

List of references

Give the name of the ministry or agency that has issued the document:

Department of Education, Science & Training 2000, Annual Report 1999-2000, AGPS, Canberra.

Unpublished material (thesis, manuscript, unpublished paper)
In-text citations

(Ballard 2003, p. 132)

(Fitzsimmons 2005)

Accessed via a database:

Cite author, date, page number:

(Lee 2005 p. 78)

List of references

When citing a thesis in the list of references:

put the title between quotation marks and do not use italics
acknowledge the university where the thesis was undertaken.

Example:

Ballard, BA 2003, 'The seeing machine: photography and the visualisation of culture in Australia, 1890-1930', PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.

An unpublished conference paper:

Fitzsimmons, D 2005, 'Who chooses who belongs: tactics and strategies and migrant literature', paper presented at the AULLA & FILLM conference, James Cook University, Cairns, 15-19th July.

Accessed via a database:

Include information in the following order:

author name and initial
year
thesis title (between single quotation marks, no italics)
type of thesis, e.g. MA, PhD
institution
date accessed
from database name.

Example:

Lee, C 2005, 'Beyond the Pink: (Post) Youth Iconography in Cinema', PhD thesis, Murdoch University, accessed 15 June 2007 from Australian Digital Thesis Program Database.

ABS statistics
In-text citations

Use the full name in the first in-text reference:

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005)

and use the abbreviation 'ABS' in subsequent references:

(ABS 2005)

List of references

Include information in the following order:

name of agency as author
year of publication
title of publication (in italics)
catalogue number
name of publisher
place of publication.

Example

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, New South Wales in focus, Cat. no. 1338.1, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

If you are viewing the information online, include:

date of viewing (if viewed online)
database name (if applicable)
URL (between pointed brackets).

Example

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, Internet Activity, Australia, Sep 2006, Cat. no. 8153.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, accessed 11 April 2007, <https://www.abs.gov.au>.

Brochure
In-text citations

Cite the author or authoring body and date if available:

(New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries 2005)

List of references

Include as much information as available. The publisher’s name may be abbreviated if it is also the author.

New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries 2005, Saltwater recreational fishing in New South Wales: rules & regulations summary, brochure, NSWDPI, New South Wales.

Broadcast materials and other electronic sources

An electronic source is any information source in digital format. The library subscribes to many electronic information resources in order to provide access for students. Electronic sources can include: full-text journals, newspapers, company information, e-books, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, economic data, digital images, industry profiles, market research, etc.

Should I include extra information when I cite electronic sources?

Referencing electronic or online sources can be confusing—it's difficult to know which information to include or where to find it. As a rule, provide as much information as possible concerning authorship, location and availability.

Electronic or online sources require much of the same information as print sources (author, year of publication, title, publisher). However, in some cases extra information may be required:

the page, paragraph or section number—what you cite will depend on the information available as many electronic or online sources don’t have pages.
identify the format of the source accessed, for example, E-book, podcast etc.
provide an accurate access date for online sources, that is, identify when a source was viewed or downloaded.
provide the location of an online source, for example, a database or web address.

Websites
In-text citations
Cite the name of the author/ organisation responsible for the site and the date created or last revised (use the most recent date):

(Department of Social Services 2020)

or:

According to the Department of Social Services (2020) ...

List of references
Include information in the following order:

author (the person or organisation responsible for the site
year (date created or revised)
site name (in italics)
name of sponsor of site (if available)
accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets). If possible, ensure that the URL is included without a line-break.
Examples

Department of Social Services 2020, Department of social services website, Australian government, accessed 20 February 2020, <https://www.dss.gov.au/>.

Specific pages or documents within a website
In-text citations
Information should include author/authoring body name(s) and the date created or last revised:

(Li 2004) or:

(World Health Organisation 2013)

List of references
Include information in the following order:

author (the person or organisation responsible for the site)
year (date created or last updated)
page title (in italics)
name of sponsor of site (if available)
accessed day month year (the day you viewed the site)
URL or Internet address (pointed brackets).
Examples

One author:

Li, L 2014, Chinese scroll painting H533, Australian Museum, accessed 20 February 2016, <https://australianmuseum.net.au/chinese-scroll-painting-h533>.

Organisation as author:

World Health Organisation 2013, Financial crisis and global health, The United Nations, accessed 1 August 2013, <http://www.who.int/topics/financial_crisis/en/>.

Web pages with no author or date
In-text citations
If the author's name is unknown, cite the website/page title and date:

(Land for sale on moon 2007)

If there is no date on the page, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date):

(ArtsNSW n.d.)

(Kim n.d)

List of references
If the author's name is unknown:

Land for sale on moon 2007, accessed 19 June 2007, <http://www.moonlandrealestate.com>.

If there is no date on the page:

ArtsNSW n.d., New South Wales Premier’s Literary Awards, NSW Department of the Arts, Sport and Recreation, accessed 19 June 2007, <http://www.arts.nsw.gov.au/awards/LiteraryAwards/litawards.htm>.

Kim, M n.d., Chinese New Year pictures and propaganda posters, Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, accessed 12 April 2016, <https://collection.maas.museum/set/6274>.

Online media articles
In-text citations
If the article has a named author:

(Pianin 2001)

No named author:

(New York Daily Times 1830)

The article can also be discussed in the body of the paragraph:

An account of the popularity of the baby tapir in The Independent (2013) stated that ...

An online news article:

Cite the author name and year:

(Coorey 2007)

List of references
Include information in the following order:

author (if available)
year of publication
article title (between single quotation marks)
newspaper title (in italics)
date of article (day, month, page number—if given—and any additional information available)
accessed day month year (the date you accessed the items)
from name of database
item number (if given).
Examples

Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives', The Washington Post, 25 February, p. A03, accessed March 2001 from Electric Library Australasia.

If there is no named author, list the article title first:

'Amending the Constitution', New York Daily Times, 16 October 1851, p. 2, accessed 15 July 2007 from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database.

'Baby tapir wins hearts at zoo', The Independent, 9 August 2013, Accessed 25 January 2014, <http://www.independent.ie/world-news/and-finally/baby-tapir-wins-hearts-at-zoo-30495570.html>.

An online news article:

Coorey, P 2007, ‘Costello hints at green safety net’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 May, accessed 14 May 2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/costello-hints-at-green-safety-net/2007/05/09/1178390393875.html>.

While a URL for the article should be included, if it is very long (more than two lines) or unfixed (from a search engine), only include the publication URL:

Holmes, L 2017, 'The woman making a living out of pretending to be Kylie Minogue', The Daily Telegraph, 23 April, accessed 22 May 2017, <http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au>.

Journal articles (published via a website)
In-text citations
Cite the author name and date:

Online journal articles (those available in web page form only) usually do not have page numbers, so instead use section or paragraph numbers. Please check with your tutor for their preferences. Sections of an article are divided by subheadings.

(Morris 2004, sec. 3, par. 2)

List of references
Include information in the following order:

author(s) name and initials
title of the article (between single quotation marks)
title of the journal (in italics)
available publication information (volume number, issue number)
accessed day month year (the date you last viewed the article)
URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets).
Examples

Morris, A 2004, 'Is this racism? Representations of South Africa in the Sydney Morning Herald since the inauguration of Thabo Mbeki as president'. Australian Humanities Review, no. 33, accessed 11 May 2007, <http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-August-2004/morris.html>.

Rowland, TA 2015, 'Feminism from the Perspective of Catholicism', Solidarity: The Journal of Catholic Social Thought and Secular Ethics, vol. 5, no. 1, accessed 12 December 2015, <http://researchonline.nd.edu.au/solidarity/vol5/iss1/1>.

Media releases
In-text citations
Cite the author (the person responsible for the release) and date:

Prime Minister Howard (2007) announced plans for further welfare reform...

List of references
Include information in the following order:

author name or authoring organisation name
date
title of release (in italics)
format
accessed day month year
URL (between pointed brackets)
Examples

Office of the Prime Minister 2007, Welfare Payments Reform, media release, accessed 25 July 2007, <http://www.pm.gov.au/media/Release/2007/Media_Release24432.cfm>.

Generative AI tools
When quoting, paraphrasing or summarising an AI tool’s output, you must include the company name, followed by the date the response was given.

Quoting
User Question: Can you explain the concept of zombies in anthropological terms?

ChatGPT Response: Zombies in anthropological terms are often seen as a manifestation of cultural anxieties about the unknown and the boundary between life and death.

Example citation:

ChatGPT highlights that in anthropological discourse, "zombies [...] are often seen as a manifestation of cultural anxieties about the unknown and the boundary between life and death" (OpenAI 2023).

Paraphrasing
User Question: What role do zombies play in cultural studies?

ChatGPT Response: Zombies serve as a metaphor in cultural studies for societal issues, reflecting deep-seated fears and contemporary anxieties.

Example citation:

ChatGPT indicates that in cultural studies, zombies are metaphorically used to represent societal issues and contemporary fears (OpenAI 2023).

Summarising
User Question: Can you provide an overview of the various theories surrounding what zombies symbolise?

ChatGPT Response: In cultural theory, zombies are significant as they symbolise various aspects of human nature and societal concerns, often serving as a critique of consumerism, conformity, and the loss of individuality.

Example citation:

A synthesis of discussions on ChatGPT about cultural theories suggests that zombies are portrayed as reflections of human characteristics and societal issues, frequently used to comment on consumer culture and the diminishing sense of personal identity (OpenAI 2023).

Reference List
Format for a Harvard citation for AI:

Company. Year, Product Name in italics, [Type of AI model], Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.

Example of a Harvard citation for AI:

OpenAI. 2023 ChatGPT [Large language model]. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://chat.openai.com/chat

Films, television and online videos
In-text citations
A film, video, and television or radio program:

Include the full title and date of production:

(My Brilliant Career, 1979)

(Four Corners 9 July 2001)

An online video:

In the Overlander's (2007) short film...

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) is a German expressionist classic from the silent era...

List of references
Include information in the following order:

title (if part of an ongoing series, list the episode title first, then the series name)
year of recording
format
publisher/distributor
place of recording
date of recording (if applicable).
Examples

My Brilliant Career, 1979, motion picture, New South Wales Film Corporation, distributed by Australian Video, Australia.

Going backwards: Four Corners 2001, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 9 July.

An online video:

The Overlander 2007, Overlander.tv: Aboriginal tent embassy, Canberra, online video, accessed 31 July 2007, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abMlHjO2nh4>.

The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, 1919, online video, accessed 20 June 2011, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecowq77Y3C0>.

Audio CD or CD ROM
In-text citations
Cite the CD title and year:

(Australia through time 1994)

List of references
The bibliographic details are the same as those required for films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs:

title (in italics)
year of recording
format
publisher
place of recording.
Examples

Australia through time 1994, CD-ROM, Random ROM in assoc. with the ABC, Sydney.

Blogs and wikis
In-text citations
A weblog (blog):

Include author name and year of posting:

(Bartlett 2006)

(Bahnisch 2007)

A Wiki:

As wikis usually feature user-generated content, there is usually no named author. Cite the title of the wiki and the date of last revision:

(An Essay Evolves 2007)

List of references
Include information in the following order:

the name (or alias) of the author
year of post
the title of the posting (if applicable) between single quotation marks
the title of the site (in italics)
format
the date of posting (day month)
accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
the URL of the blog post (between pointed brackets).
Examples

Bartlett, A 2007, The Bartlett diaries, weblog, accessed 22 May 2007, <http://andrewbartlett.com/blog/>.

A blog post:

If you are citing a group blog, cite the author of the post:

Bahnisch, M 2007, ‘The commentariat vs. the people?’, Larvatus Prodeo, weblog post, 11 May, accessed 22 May 2007, <http://larvatusprodeo.net/2007/05/11/the-commentariat-vs-the-people>.

A Wiki:

Include information in the following order:

article name (between single quotation marks)
title of wiki (in italics)
format
date of last revision
accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
the URL of the wiki article page (between pointed brackets).
Example:

'Freud and science', An essay evolves, wiki article, March 8 2007, accessed 20 May 2007, <http://evolvingessay.pbwiki.com/Freud+and+Science>.

Personal communication
In-text citations
A privately obtained interview, letter or other personal communication:

Include in the abbreviation 'pers. comm.' in your text reference:

(B Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug.)

Note that the initial(s) precede the surname.

List of references
Details of a personal communication do not usually need to be included in the list of references as it cannot be traced by the reader. Check with your tutor or lecturer for their preferences.

Before using personal communications, ensure you have the permission of the person with whom you communicated.

Emails and online communications
In-text citations
Emails:

Include the abbreviation 'pers. comm.' in your in-text reference:

(J Smith 2006, pers. comm. 23 July)

Note that the initial precedes the surname.

If the form of communication is relevant, mention it in the text:

Email confirmation was received (J Smith 2006, pers. comm. 23 July).

Electronic mail lists, usenet groups and forum boards:

Include the author name and date of posting:

(Wiggers 2006)

List of references
References to emails are treated as a form of personal communication and are not usually included in reference lists as they cannot be traced by the reader. However, if your tutor or lecturer requests an entry in the list of references, cite emails as below:

Smith, J 2006, email 23 July, <j.smith@mailbox.com.au>.

Electronic mail lists, usenet groups and forum boards:

Include information in the following order:

author
author's details (eg. email address)
date of posting
title of posting (from the 'subject' line in the message)
format (listserver)
name of list owner
accessed day month year (the date of viewing)
URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets).
Examples

Wiggers, D <darryl@nestcom.net> 2006 ‘Media and imperialism’, list server, 4 June, H-Net Humanities & Social Sciences OnLine, accessed 12 September 2006, <http://www.h-net.org/~film/>

Podcasts
In-text citations
(Lingua Franca 2007)

When referring to the speaker:

Jill Kitson (Lingua Franca 2007) reported that ...

List of references
List a podcast as you would a radio program. Include information in the following order:

name of the podcast (in italics)
year
format (podcast)
publisher
date of podcast (day, month)
accessed day month year
the URL (between pointed brackets).
Examples

Lingua Franca 2007, podcast radio programme, ABC Radio National, 28 April, accessed 25 May 2007, <http://abc.net.au/rn/podcast/feeds/lin.xml >.

Social media platforms
In-text citations
Twitter

Include the author name and date of posting:

(Gillard 2016)

Facebook post

Include the author name and date of posting:

(The Learning Centre UNSW 2015)

(Obama 2015)

The author name can also be included in the running text:

A 2015 post on Obama's Facebook page stated that ...

List of references
Twitter

Use the author's real name. Only use the Twitter handle as the author if the author's real name is unknown.

Enclose the tweet itself in 'single quotes'. Type the words Twitter post, and the day and month of the post, after the text of the tweet.

Include information in the following order:

the name (or alias) of the author
year of post
the tweet itself, between single quotation marks
format (twitter post)
the date of posting (day month)
accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site)
the URL of the tweet (between pointed brackets).
Example

Gillard, J 2016, 'No girl's opportunities should be defined by her gender. All children deserve the same access to health, education & the future', Twitter post, 7 March, accessed 15 April 2016,<https://twitter.com/JuliaGillard/status/706921359314526208>.

Facebook post

Include information in the following order:

author name and initial
year
place the first few words of the post (up to about 15 words) in 'single quotes', using [...] if necessary to indicate that some words have been left out.
format (Facebook post)
date of post (day, month)
accessed day month year
the URL (between pointed brackets)
Examples

The Learning Centre UNSW 2015, 'November is AcWriMo (Academic Writing Month) at UNSW! [...]', Facebook post, 8 October, accessed 27 February 2016, <https://www.facebook.com/TLC.UNSW/>.

Obama, B 2015, 'It’s not about politics. It’s about whether we as a nation live up to our founding ideal of liberty and justice for all [...]', Facebook post, 1 November, accessed 11 April 2016, <https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/>.

Images, tables and diagrams

An image found online
In-text citations
Mention the image in the text and cite the author and date:

The cartoon by Frith (1968) describes ...

If the image has no named author, cite the full name and date of the image:

The map shows the Parish of Maroota during the 1840s (Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849)

List of references
Include information in the following order:

author (if available)
year produced (if available)
title of image (or a description)
Format and any details (if applicable)
name and place of the sponsor of the source
accessed day month year (the date you viewed/ downloaded the image)
URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets).
Examples

Frith J 1968, From the rich man’s table, political cartoon by John Frith, Old Parliament House, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2007, <http://www.oph.gov.au/frith/theherald-01.html>.

If there is no named author, put the image title first, followed by the date (if available):

Khafre pyramid from Khufu’s quarry 2007, digital photograph, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, accessed 2 August 2007, <http://www.aeraweb.org/khufu_quarry.asp>.

Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849, digital image of cartographic material, National Library of Australia, accessed 13 April 2007, <http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-f829>.

Online images/diagrams used as figures
Figures include diagrams, graphs, sketches, photographs and maps. If you are writing a report or an assignment where you include a visual as a figure, unless you have created it yourself, you must include a reference to the original source.

Figures should be numbered and labelled with captions. Captions should be simple and descriptive and be followed by an in-text citation. Figure captions should be directly under the image.

In-text citations
Cite the author and year in the figure caption:

Figure 1: Bloom's Cognitive Domain (Benitez 2012)

If you refer to the Figure in the text, also include a citation:

As can be seen from Figure 1 (Benitez 2012)

List of references
Provide full citation information:

Benitez J 2012, Blooms Cognitive Domain, digital image, ALIEM, accessed 2 August 2015, <https://www.aliem.com/blooms-digital-taxonomy/>.

Online data in a table caption
In-text citations
If you reproduce or adapt table data found online you must include a citation. All tables should be numbered and table captions should be above the table.

Table 2: Agricultural water use, by state 2004-05 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)

If you refer to the table in text, include a citation:

As indicated in Table 2, a total of 11 146 502 ML was used (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)

List of references
Include the name of the web page where the table data is found.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Water Use on Australian Farms, 2004-05, Cat. no. 4618.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, accessed 4 July 2007, <https://www.abs.gov.au>.

Generative AI images
Here you can find Harvard referencing style for generative images.

It is important to include appropriate acknowledgement of images used in your assessments whether that be in a report, visual essay, PowerPoint presentation, video or other form of work. Images you create yourself (without the use of AI) generally do not need a reference. Images you create with generative AI should generally have a caption citation and may also be included in a reference list/bibliography. Check with your course convenor or assessment brief for specific requirements in your assessments.

This guide also covers non-AI generated images to illustrate the differences. Recommendations for how to reference AI-generated content may change in the future as referencing style manuals are updated.

In-text citation
In your written work, such as a report or essay, you can cite an image with its figure number. It’s best to avoid using the caption title in your main text or making references like ‘the photograph on the left’. Place the image close to its reference in the text, ideally on the same page and right after the relevant paragraph. (Drawn from the Australian Government Style Manual., opens in a new window)

Example 1

Figure 6 shows an example of….

Example 2

European Union expenditure more than quadrupled from 2016 to 2018 (Figure 7).

Caption (non-AI generated or AI generated that is not your own)
The caption always appears under the image. See more on using UNSW Harvard for citing images and tables found-online here, opens in a new window.

Rule

Figure number: Caption (Artist Year), Creative Commons Attribution/Copyright.

If the work is from social media, the artist name is the username.
If the artist’s name is unknown, use website name where image is located.
Use n.d. when no date is available.
Example

Figure 1: Rose Seidler House (newformula 2008), CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Caption (your own generative AI image)
Many referencing styles (including what is used for UNSW Harvard) do not have clear guidelines for acknowledging Gen AI images you create. Our recommendation below is based on MLA 9, opens in a new window, which is similar to Harvard. It includes the prompt or question used to generate the image as well as the Gen AI tool employed.

Rule

Figure number: Caption (“text of prompt” prompt, Gen AI Product Name, Version, Date created, URL)

Example

Figure 1: Magical House (“house in magical world” prompt, Adobe Firefly, Image 3, 28 April 2024, https://firefly.adobe.com)

How do I cite...

Quotations, paraphrases and summaries
To cite a quotation

Reproduce the text word-for-word and place quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quotation. The author, date and page number must be included.

"Australia is a settler society" (Hudson and Bolton 1997, p. 9).

To cite a paraphrase or a short summary of an author's words or ideas

Restate the original words/ideas in your own words. The author, date, and page number(s) must be included.

Wartime textile rationing was imposed through a coupon system, which meant garments now had two costs: their value in monetary units and in coupons (McKernan 1995, p. 152)

To reference the overall content of a work

You do not need to include page numbers because it is the entire work you are referring to:

Larsen and Greene (1989) studied the effects of pollution in three major cities...

An author who attributes information to another source
In-text citations
You must acknowledge both sources in your text:

Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study into student learning wrote that "because students are aware of their tutor's mastery of the subject matter, it is quite common for them to assume that their reader has no needs at all" (Gibbs 1981, p. 39, cited in Bowden & Marton 1998, p. 35).

List of references
Record the book that you actually sourced:

Bowden, J & Marton F 1998, The university of learning, Kogan Page, London.

Multiple authors
In-text citations
One to three authors:

Include both names in the order in which they appear on the title page:

(Gerster & Basset 1987) or:

Gerster and Basset (1987) assert that...

More than three authors:

Use the surname of the first author and et al. ('and others') in the text:

Leeder et al. (1996, p. 78) argued ... or:

(Leeder et al. 1996)

List of references
One to three authors:

Gerster, R & Basset, J 1991, Seizures of youth: the sixties and Australia, Hyland House, Melbourne.

More than three authors:

Don't use et al in the list of references. List all the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page.

Leeder, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Matthews, PS, Williams DW & Mariot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry, Dominion Press, Adelaide.

A work reproduced in a publication—image, poem, painting, etc.
In-text citations
Refer to the work in the text, then include book author, date, and page number:

De Kooning's 1952 painting "Woman and Bicycle" (Hughes 1980, p. 295) is an example of ...'

List of references
List the publication containing the image:

Hughes, R 1980, The shock of the new: art and the century of change, British Broadcasting Corporation, London.

More than one work by the same author
In-text citations
Arrange citations in chronological order:

(Smith 1981, 1984, 1985)

List of references
Each source requires a separate reference list entry.

Part of a publication contributed by someone other than the main author—a preface, introduction, foreword, etc.
In-text citations
Drabble (in Bronte 1978) suggests...

List of references
Provide the details of the publication to which the contribution was made:

Bronte, E 1978, Wuthering Heights and poems, H Osborne (ed.), Orion Publishing Group, London. Introduction by Margaret Drabble.

An author who published more than one work in the same year
In-text citations
Attach an a, b, c, d etc. after the year:

Dawkins (1972a, 1972 b) completed a number of studies on...

List of references
Each source requires a separate reference list entry.

To refer to more than one work
In-text citations
Separate the references either with a semicolon or the word and

(Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969) or:

Entwistle (1977) and Haddon (1969) both demonstrated...

List of references
Each source requires a separate reference list entry.

To refer to authors with the same family name who have published in the same year
In-text citations
Use their initials to indicate different people:

The theory was first developed early this century (Smith, A K 1979) but later many of its elements were refuted (Smith, J A 1979).

List of references
Each source requires a separate reference list entry.